"Dear Colleague!" Albert Einstein and (Viennese) Adult Education

[p. 2] The already famous Professor Albert Einstein finally achieved world fame as a physics genius after the Royal Society in its session of November 1919 had confirmed that it had been experimentally proven that light had been deflected in accordance with Einstein’s law of gravitation and the Times of London subsequently reported on the “Revolution in Science – A New Theory of the Universe”.¹

A downright flood of invitations from all over the world launched the scant 41-year old, who, to his great regret, found that he had hardly any time left for scientific work, on to the world stage, where he gave interviews, held lectures and attempted to explain the theory of relativity not only to fellow colleagues, but to prominent economic and political figures, too.

Firstly, it was pressing financial concerns that made Einstein, who was amused by the fuss made about him, adopt the role of a “traveller in relativity” (A. Einstein), which he would soon fill in an inimitably successful way.

Without wanting this in the least, Einstein’s charismatic, modest demeanour in conjunction with the monumental abstraction of “his” theory increased public interest in him, and he soon became “everyone’s genius”²; a genius, however, who also increasingly earned respectable lecture fees.

Assisted by his step-daughter Ilse, who acted as a “secretary” and helped him manage his enormous correspondence, and his physics colleague from Leiden, Paul Ehrenfest, who acted as a private trustee and helped him handle his lecture fees, Einstein, on account of the rapid devaluation of the Reichsmark, only started to accept hard foreign currency, which he had sent directly to Holland, where he had been a visiting professor at the University of Leiden since October 1920.

Even before he was awarded the Nobel prize, Einstein, who had already lectured (on quantum theory and the theory of gravitation)³ in 1909 and then again in September 1913 on the occasion of the annual meetings of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, came to Austria again as part of a lecture tour during which he held a large public talk as part of an event in the Vienna Concert Hall organised by the Wiener Volksbildungshaus Urania (Urania Adult Education Centre of Vienna).

In contrast, for example, to a projected six-week lecture series at [ p. 3] Princeton University, for which Einstein had demanded the incredible amount of 15,000 dollars in October 1920 – nearly double the annual salary of a top American academic⁴ – he settled for much less in the case of his Urania lecture in Vienna. The most famous physicist of his time agreed to explain his theory to 2000 people – in the end, it was around 3000 – in terms that everyone could understand for the relatively low sum of 2500 Reichsmark (only around 40 dollars at the time!) for the lecture including travel costs and board.⁵

It is doubtlessly true that Einstein’s theory of relativity met with enthusiastic acceptance, particularly in reform-orientedliberal and social democratic circles as well as among the artistic avant-garde, in those years due to its revolutionary brisance as a rational explanation of the world, although Einstein soon faced fierce attacks from the clericalconservative and anti-Semitic side.⁶ However, it was the humanist Einstein himself, who attributed a particularly important task and role in the creation of culture to popular education and in particular to the popularization of science and technology in his rare considerations on education. Thus, he wrote in his letter to the chairman of the “Freie Vereinigung für technische Volksbildung” (“Free Association for Technical Adult Education”) in Berlin in 1919: “Science can only remain healthy and beneficial when its connection to the world of sensuous experience is maintained, no matter how indirect this connection may be. The preoccupation with technology is very well suited to working against the degeneration of science in the way indicated.”⁷

A point of view that Einstein even reaffirmed in advanced years in an interview with the New York Times in 1952, in which he said:
“It is not enough to turn someone into a specialist. In this way, he only becomes some kind of useful machine, but not a harmoniously developed individual (...). The primary goal of education has to be communicating an understanding and vital feeling for the real values of life to students and teaching them to recognize beauty and moral good. An education that fails to do this will (...) create people who are like well-trained dogs, but not harmoniously developed individuals. (...) The young generation will only become aware of these important things by personal contact with those who teach them and not, or at least not first and foremost, by textbooks.”⁸

For this reason alone it was natural that Einstein gladly accepted the invitation to give a lecture at the Vienna Urania in October 1920. Moreover, Einstein had some good personal friends in Vienna, whom he always enjoyed visiting, for example, Hans Thirring or Felix Ehrenhaft, both physicists and as such also lecturers at Viennese adult education centres.

Furthermore, the board of Urania specifically assured him in a long letter of invitation that “the objective interest in your theories is not clouded here by the latest currents from Germany. Thus, during our summer lecture tour to Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck, we observed that the intellectual and spiritual leaders of just those parts of the country that are known for their strict Catholic and anti-Semitic tendencies had a great, purely objective interest in your theories.”⁹ An aspect, which for Einstein, who was already facing vigorous efforts by reactionaries and anti-Semites to defame him at the time, was not exactly decisive, but was probably an additional motivation. At any rate, his reaction to this as well as the subsequent correspondence was conducted in an emphatically friendly tone.

In fact, it was adult education institutions [ p. 4] – first and foremost, the Vienna Urania – that provided a relatively large group of interested people with information on the theory of relativity and that had made a series of individual lectures and courses on Einstein’s theory of relativity a part of its course offer starting in 1919. A total of 114 lectures on the theory of relativity, some including photographs and films, were held at Viennese adult education centres up to 1936.¹⁰

The first lecture was given by the physicist, Gerda Laski (1893-1928), who had studied with Einstein’s friend and colleague, Felix Ehrenhaft, full professor of experimental physics at the University of Vienna. Among the other lecturers, there was his physics colleague, Anton Lampa, who, as a full professor at the German University of Prague, had significantly supported Einstein’s appointment to full professor of theoretical physics at the university in 1910,¹¹ and who later, as a ministry official in Glöckel’s Department of Teaching, was actively committed to adult education; he was then appointed director of Urania in 1927.

Other prominent popularisers of the theory of relativity were Hans Thirring, Friedrich Waismann and Edgar Zilsel. Lise Meitner, who, together with Ehrenhaft’s wife Olga, nee Steindler, the first female graduate of physics at the University of Vienna in 1903, held practical training courses in physics at the Ottakring adult education centre starting in 1906, spoke about making atoms visible, but not about relativity.

The management of Urania originally [ p. 6] planned to hold the Einstein lecture on October 19 or November 6, 1920. However, Einstein couldn’t make either date due to other lecture commitments. However, he promised a lecture in December or January, “preferably in not too large of a hall because my voice is not very powerful”¹², as he wrote in a letter to the president of Urania, Ludwig Koessler. In a subsequent letter, he was more specific, stating that the hall should hold “no more than 2,000 people”.¹³

Urania, which had previously proposed two or three lectures in a row on its own premises, subsequently rented the large concert hall that it had considered right from the beginning for January 13, 1921, and asked Einstein “to tell them the exact (and in as simple terms as possible) title and to send them a short abstract as early as possible”¹⁴ so they could publish them in the Urania-Mitteilungen (Urania News).

The abstract of his lecture was sent to Vienna four days later in a letter to Ludwig Koessler. The summary that was sent was published in the Urania-Mitteilungen (Urania News) as is and it read:
“Apparent conflict of the law of light propagation in a vacuum with the relativity principle. Solution of this inconsistency by an applicable definition of simultaneity. Research methods and significant results of the special theory of relativity. General relativity principle. Consubstantiality between inertia and gravity (equivalence principle). The theory of gravitation as a result of the general theory of relativity. Previous confirmation.”¹⁵

German and Austrian daily newspapers had begun to announce Einstein’s forthcoming lectures in Vienna at the end of 1920. This had apparently been launched, presumed Koessler as he mentioned to Einstein, by the Chemical and Physical Society, which had invited Einstein to give two semi-public lectures that only certain invited guests were allowed to attend on January 10 and 11, 1921. The special honour rumoured in the newspaper announcements that “distinguished Viennese individuals and admirers of the academic” wished to accord the world famous professor during his stay in Vienna, however, was immediately declined by Einstein in a letter as unwanted because this “would turn the general public’s spotlight on him”¹⁶.

The repeated requests of the management of Urania to hold one or two other public lectures at Urania in addition to the one at the concert hall were denied by his secretary, Ilse Einstein, who referred to the “heavy overload of work and commitments” that required Einstein “to limit his stay there to a few days”¹⁷. Even in December, when the advance sale of tickets had begun and all the tickets had been sold in days due to the tumultuous public interest – people stood, as Koessler wrote Einstein, “in two rows from the counter on the ground floor to the observatory stairs and on these all the way up to the third floor”¹⁸ – the management of Urania “dared to expect” that the “distinguished professor reconsider giving another lecture” due to this “pressure”. However, without success, since his schedule had filled up in the meantime [p. 7], which meant that Einstein didn’t even have time for the planned tour of the facilities of Urania including the observatory and central clock system, which he had originally agreed to “with great pleasure”¹⁹.

At the end of December 1920, the visibly stressed Einstein wrote a jovial letter with a touch of irony to President Koessler: “Dear colleague! Unfortunately, it is simply impossible for me to accept additional lectures since I have already agreed to give six lectures in the next ten days. I am convinced that there are colleagues in Vienna who would be glad to give a lecture at Urania about relativity and who understand it just as well as I do. The extraordinary interest that the Viennese seem to have in my lecture gives me a great sense of pleasure. Hopefully I will live up to their expectations.”²⁰

In fact, the interest and the demand was so large that, for example, the famous national economist, Karl Menger, asked President Koessler in a personal letter at the end of November 1920 “to reserve a modest seat” for his son, Karl, who, for his part, was a student of physics and mathematics at the University of Vienna, “for a fee, of course”²¹.

After Einstein let it be known that he would take care of the board and lodging himself, “since he is going to stay at Prof. Ehrenhaft’s”, and that he wouldn’t need any graphs or photographs for his lecture, just a board to write on, Urania, still in the hopes of additional Einstein lectures, tried to get the Vienna police department “to treat” the granting of an entry permit to the “world famous academic” for January 6 to 31, 1921 “as a top priority”, since there was “great interest in wide circles of our city in these lectures (besides those for the Chemical and Physical Society)”²².

Einstein himself had proposed a mere 2,500 Mark fee for his lecture, which Urania transferred – “as cheaply as possible” – to his Berlin address in 1920 “in consideration of the expense of the trip”²³ via the “Depositenkasse und Wechselstube Leopoldstadt des Wiener Bank-Vereins” (Leopoldstadt branch and exchange office of the Vienna Banking Association).

[ p. 8] After Einstein had sent the requested abstract, the lecture was announced in the Urania Mitteilungen (Urania News) by the following lines, in which the downright demiurgic quality of the speaker was highlighted: “Einstein has finally given us today what Ptolemy created for one and a half millennia, and Copernicus, Galileo and Newton for the last few centuries: a system of natural events that includes all branches of modern science and one that presents the impressive possibility of a universal, coherent Weltanschauung (world view). We will be granted the opportunity of listening to the creator of the “theory of relativity” speak in person.”²⁴

Incidentally, Einstein came to Vienna directly from Prague, where the »Urania« there, which had a close, “sisterly” relationship to the Urania in Vienna, had just held two lecture evenings in a “dangerously overcrowded” hall. As Philipp Frank reported, the audience there, however, was “far too excited to even make the effort of following the lecture. They didn’t want to understand, but just witness an exciting event”.²⁵

In any case, it was clear to the management of the Vienna Urania right from the beginning that Einstein’s lecture would be a big social event of the greatest significance and, moreover, that it would generate respectable revenue, which was to go specifically to the building fund for the planned (but ultimately never realised) Mariahilf branch of Urania. As the staging planned by the management of Urania shows, one didn’t want to pass up the chance of putting on a big production with the famous scientist that would appeal to the audience.

15 “places of honour on the proscenium” as well as an additional 23 logepodium seats (“seats of honour for designated dignitaries”) were arranged around Einstein, who stood in the middle at the lectern. The invitation to the “places of honour on the proscenium”, which directly surrounded the lectern, were accepted, among others, by the Federal President Dr. Michael Hainisch, Vice-Chancellor Dr. Walter Breisky, the German Consul Dr. Franz Vivenot, Mayor Jakob Reumann, Ms. Koessler, the Department Head Dr. Wilhelm Exner (who was also a member of the Urania board of directors), two representatives of the Reparation Commission (one of which was Joseph Dunn), Prince Otto zu Windisch-Graetz as well as two representative of the American Red Cross. Police Superintendent Johann Schober let it be known that he would “unfortunately (…) be unable to attend due to official duties”²⁶, but delegated Senior Civil Servant Dr. Brandl to represent him, and Federal Chancellor Dr. Michael Mayr delegated the Department Head Dr. Uebelhör to personally represent him, since it would be impossible for him to attend the lecture due to “official duties elsewhere”; the President of the National Assembly Dr. Richard Weiskirchner was also unable to attend due to official duties, but like all of the other people mentioned, he personally apologized to Koessler for it.

The logepodium seats, which were given as “seats of honour for designated dignitaries”, went to the following people: University Rector Alfons Dopsch²⁷, Prorector Ernst Schwind, the Rectors and Prorectors of the University of Technology, the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, and the Veterinarian University, Deans and Prodeans of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Protestant Theology, the University of World Trade; furthermore, the chairperson of the Vienna Adult Education Association, of the Apolloneum, of the Central Public Library, of the Committee on Public University Lectures and – as the representative of the chairperson of the Ottakring “Volksheim” Adult Education Centre, Univ.-Prof. Friedrich Becke, who, as General Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, was indispensable at its session and thus unable to attend – a representative who was not mentioned by name; and finally, the Department Head Dr. Franz Heinz of the Ministry of the Interior, Univ.-Prof. Anton Lampa as the representative of the Department of Adult Education in the Ministry of Education, the Division Head Dr. Viktor Prüger [ p. 9] as well as Senior Chief Architect Ing. Adolf Witt; but the latter then changed seats with Felix Ehrenhaft at Albert Einstein’s request.²⁸

In addition, a circular letter informed all those who had received a seat of honour that it was intended “to bestow a great honour on the excellent academic by having appointed representatives of science and adult education welcome him before his lecture and accompany him to the lectern, around which the seats of honour for the representatives of science and adult education were arranged on the podium in the immediate vicinity of the lectern.”²⁹

However, this met with the clear refusal of the Viennese Scientific Community.

Thus, for instance, Richard Wettstein, professor of geography at the University of Vienna by profession and active comrade-in-arms of the adult education movement from the beginning, wrote Urania President Koessler:# “I would like to thank you and confirm receipt of your friendly invitation to Einstein’s lecture, which I am glad to accept. Apart from my own objective interest, I would also like to evince the interest that the academic circles of Vienna take in the works of the lecturer. I hope that you will not misunderstand if I refrain from taking part in the intended accompaniment of the lecturer by the representatives of science.
Aside from the fact that this kind of act is highly unusual in scientific circles, this would surely lead to certain misinterpretations in consideration of the person of my colleague Einstein that it would be better to avoid.”³⁰

And Wettstein’s university colleague Professor Eduard Brückner, who in addition was the chairperson of the Committee for Public University Lectures at the University of Vienna, also addressed an unambiguous letter to Koessler about this – curiously enough with the letterhead of the Geographic Institute of the K.K. (Imperial-Royal) [ sic!] University of Vienna:
“However, I like all of my invited colleagues of the university have reservations about accompanying the lecturer on to the podium. It would be to bestow an honour on Einstein that no academic of his calibre has ever been granted. Therefore, I would like to take the liberty of taking my seat on the podium right before the lecture begins.”³¹

Although this cannot be verified on the basis of the existing sources, it can be assumed, however, that Koessler, nolens volens, made some changes to the original plan for the event, [ p. 10] and deleted the homage ceremony on the part of the representatives of science from the agenda.

At any rate, the lecture was a huge popular success, which Einstein himself had anticipated based on his previous lecture experiences in that he had asked Koessler to reserve a seat for his friend and colleague Ehrenhaft as close to him as possible. After the lecture and before his departure to Berlin, Einstein specifically thanked Ludwig Koessler that Ehrenhaft didn’t have to sit in the seat originally reserved for him next to Koessler, but close to Einstein, “since, among other things, it was easy to find each other after the lecture (…) because otherwise he wouldn’t have been able to make his way easily to the green room due to the huge crowd.”³²

The highly regarded Urania lecture in the Vienna concert hall was Einstein’s last big public lecture in Vienna. When Albert Einstein came to Vienna a second time in October 1931, he was ignored by both the Bürgerblock (bourgeois bloc) cabinet of Karl Buresch and Johann Schober as well as by the elite academic functionaries of the city.

A confidential report of the German embassy in Vienna to the Foreign Ministry clearly stated why the world famous professor was no longer officially welcome in Vienna:
“Following the invitation of the Committee for the Organisation of Visiting Lectures by Foreign Scholars of the Exact Sciences, Prof. Albert Einstein held a lecture on the current state of the theory of relativity in the Physical Institute of the University of Vienna on the 14th of this month. It is characteristic of the way in which all things are treated under party political aspects in Vienna that the official bodies have noticed a particular reservation towards Prof. Einstein because he is a Jew and is considered to be politically left. Neither the minister of education nor the rectors of the universities attended the lecture, which of course attracted a huge audience.”

In fact, Albert Einstein, against whom the right wing extremist and anti-Semitic witch hunt had now been intensified, particularly by the Nazi Party, used his lectures in the meantime to try and reach a wider audience than just bourgeoisconservative circles. Thus, the committed pacifist, for example, held a lecture on the topic of “What the worker must know about the theory of relativity” in an overcrowded lecture hall of the “Marxistische Arbeiterschule Groß-Berlin” (“Marxist Workers’ School of Greater Berlin”) on October 26, 1931”.³⁴

Notes:

¹ Albrecht Fölsing: Albert Einstein. Eine Biographie, Frankfurt a. Main 1993, p. 490 and p. 500.

² Harry Walter: Einstein als Marionette. In: Michael Hagner (ed.): Einstein on the Beach. Der Physiker als Phänomen, Frankfurt a. Main 2005, p. 155.

³ Engelbert Broda: Einstein und Österreich (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für die Geschichte der Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Medizin, Issue 33), Vienna (1973), p. 11.

⁴ For this, cf.: Fölsing: Albert Einstein, l.c., p. 560.

⁵ Österreichisches Volkshochschularchiv (ÖVA), B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

⁶ Carsten Könneker: »Katastrophal für bürgerliche Hirne«. Relativitätstheorie und völkische Propaganda in der Weimarer Republik. In: Hagner (ed.): Einstein on the Beach, l.c., p. 84.

⁷ Albert Einstein, Technical Adult Education. From a letter of Prof. Albert Einstein (Berlin) to the “Free Association for Technical Adult Education” Volksbildung, Vol. 1, Issue 11 (1919), p. 307 f.

⁸ Einstein über moderne Erziehung. In: Volkshochschule im Westen. Mitteilungs- und Arbeitsblätter des Landesverbandes der Volkshochschulen von Nordrhein-Westfalen, Vol. 4, Issue 8/9, 1952, p. 106-107.

⁹ Präs. Z. 7037, the management of Urania (Koessler) to Albert Einstein, letter of September 29, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

¹⁰ Information taken from the THESEUS database of the archive – File: “Vorträge und Kurse an Wiener Volkshochschulen 1887-1938”.

¹¹ For this, cf. Andreas Kleinert, Anton Lampa and Albert Einstein. Copy from Gesnerus 32, s.l., 1975, 288 f.

¹² Albert Einstein to Ludwig Koessler, letter of October 11, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

¹³ Albert Einstein to Ludwig Koessler, letter of November 29, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

¹⁴ Präs. Z. 7237, the management of Urania (Koessler) to Albert Einstein, letter of December 4, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

¹⁵ Albert Einstein to Ludwig Koessler, letter of December 8, 1920, signed by his secretary Ilse Einstein; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

¹⁶ Neues Wiener Tagblatt, of November 28, 1920.

¹⁷ Albert Einstein to Ludwig Koessler, letter of December 8, 1920, signed by his secretary Ilse Einstein; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

¹⁸ Präs. Z. 7323, letter from Ludwig Koessler to Albert Einstein on December 31, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

¹⁹ Postcard from Albert Einstein to the President of the Vienna Urania Adult Education Centre on December 29, 1920, signed by Ilse Einstein; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

²⁰ “Sehr geehrter Herr Kollege!“ (“Dear Colleague!”) Albert Einstein to Ludwig Koessler, letter of January 5, 1921; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

²¹ Carl Menger to Ludwig Koessler, letter of November 28, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

²² Präs. Z. 7249, letter from Urania to the Vienna police department concerning the granting of an entry permit and residence permit for Vienna from January 6 to 31, 1921 for Albert Einstein, Berlin, Haberlandtstraße 5, of December 4, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

²³ Ludwig Koessler to Albert Einstein, letter of December 17, 1920; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

²⁴ Verlautbarung des Volksbildunghauses Wiener Urania, Issue 37, January 18, 1920, p. 6.

²⁵ Philipp Frank, Einstein – Sein Leben und seine Zeit, Braunschweig 1979, p. 285. Quotation according to: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, l.c., p. 560. During the second evening organized by the Prague Urania there was a heated discussion before a large audience with the philosopher Oskar Kraus, who tried to convince the audience of the “elementary absurdities” of the theory of relativity. Cf. ibid., p. 561.

²⁶ Police Superintendent Schober to President Koessler, letter of January 13, 1921; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

²⁷ The historian Alfons Dopsch (1868-1953) was Vice-President of Urania and a long-standing lecturer at adult education centres.

²⁸ In a letter to President Koessler right before Einstein’s lecture, Ehrenhaft expressed his gratitude that Senior Chief Architect “had kindly informed” him that the loge seat intended for him could be changed, and that he had also received another ticket. Ehrenhaft informed Koessler that he would show up with Einstein in front of the main entrance of the concert hall on Thursday at 6:50 pm. ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

²⁹ Präs. Z. 7331, invitation to court councillor Univ.-Prof. Dr. Oswald Redlich, President of the Academy of the Sciences, of January 4, 1921; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

³⁰ Richard Wettstein to Ludwig Koessler, January 7, 1921; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

³¹ Eduard Brückner to Ludwig Koessler, January 10, 1921; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

³² Albert Einstein to Ludwig Koessler, letter of January 15, 1921; ÖVA/B-Wiener Urania, K 12, Folder: “Persönliche Vorträge Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein”.

³³ Report signed by “Clodius”. Quoted after: Broda, Einstein und Österreich, l.c., 13. Cf. also: Wolfgang L. Reiter, “Mein weiland Vaterland Österreich”. In: Heureka. Das Wissenschaftsmagazin im Falter, Nr. 1, 2005.

³⁴ Quotation according to Jörg Wollenberg: Pergamon-Altar und Arbeiterbildung. Zur Aufarbeitung und Vergegenwärtigung der Vergangenheit in Kunst und Literatur am Beispiel der »Ästhetik des Widerstands« von Peter Weiss. In: Spurensuche. Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Erwachsenenbildung und Wissenschaftspopularisierung, Vol. 15, Issues 1-4, 2004, p. 149.